What is Lepto?

Leptospirosis is a bacteria which can be found in the environment.  It is most common in stagnant or slow moving water, but can also be found in soil.  Leptospirosis is spread via the urine of infected animals.  This includes many species of wildlife that may move in and out of our yards on a daily basis.  Urine contaminated water (such as puddles, ponds, rivers, etc) can serve as a source of infection.  The bacteria can infect many mammals and primarily causes liver and kidney failure.  It is a very life-threatening disease which can unfortunately be spread to humans as well!

Symptoms can vary quite a bit by the severity and form of Leptospirosis.  The most common symptoms to watch for include fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle tenderness, and urinating/ drinking a lot.  These symptoms can be associated with many other diseases, making Leptospirosis a bit difficult to diagnosis.

Elevations in liver and kidney values may make your veterinarian suspicious of Lepto and there are more specific blood tests that can be subsequently run to diagnose the disease.  Treatment consists of antibiotics and often aggressive, in hospital care is necessary.  Even with aggressive treatment, this disease can be very life threatening.

The best news is that Leptospirosis disease can be prevented by vaccination.  We recommend a yearly vaccine which will produce immunity towards the most common Leptospirosis serovars.  Prevent your pets from drinking standing water outside, especially after flooding or heavy rainfall.  If you see symptoms that may be consistent with Leptospirosis infection, please make an appointment with your veterinarian as soon as possible as early diagnosis and treatment is crucial for success in treatment. 

Ask us to learn more about the Leptospirosis vaccine.

article written by:

Derek Williamson, DVM

Companion Animal Hospital Vernon Hills and Crawford Animal Hospital

No Sharing!!! Zoonotic Diseases - Part 2

What is a Zoonotic Disease??—Part 2

In this second article discussing zoonotic disease, I will focus on other infections, besides parasites, that pets can share with people.  A zoonotic disease can be transmitted from animals to people. 

Ringworm—Ringworm is actually a fungus.  It can create a round spot where it infects the skin.  It is itchy and annoying.  It is seen in many species of animals, both wild and domestic, but is more often seen in puppies, kittens, or pets from shelter environments.  It will linger on surfaces and on bedding used by an animal.  Not all animals will have apparent ringworm, but can carry it and give it to others.  After diagnosis, it is treated with topical or oral medications.  Home disinfection is also important to prevent reinfection. 

Leptospirosis—Leptospirosis (lepto) is caused by a bacteria.  Initially, a lepto infection will be much like the flu, but it can progress to cause liver disease, kidney disease, or meningitis. It is shed in the urine of infected animals, where it can stay in the soil for weeks.  Animals that we have in our yards, such as mice, raccoons, and squirrels can carry lepto.  It is also associated with water sources such as lakes and rivers due to animal contamination.  People can become infected by contact with broken skin, mucous membranes (mouth, eyes) or by drinking contaminated water.  It can be treated with antibiotics and supportive care. 

Rabies—Rabies is a fatal viral infection.  It is carried by mammals, with skunks, raccoons, bats, and fox being the most popular in the United States.  In our area, bats are the source of most exposures.  Rabies is fatal.  In humans, a vaccination series can be given after exposure to prevent infection.  In pets, however, this is not the case.  If an unvaccinated pet is believed to be exposed to rabies (bitten by a suspect animal, found playing with a bat, etc.), euthanasia may be recommended.  A prolonged, strict quarantine is another option.  A vaccinated pet that is believed exposed has a shorter quarantine period.  Keeping your pets’ (including indoor cats) rabies vaccination current is strongly recommended; it just saves tremendous worry and difficult decisions if an exposure were to occur.  If you are bitten by an animal, washing the wound with soap and water for 15 minutes, then seeking medical care is important. 

There are many more zoonotic diseases.  This is only the top of a long list.  While it can be unnerving to know that there are illnesses our pets could potentially give to us, good pet hygiene, cleanliness, and preventative care will keep us safe and healthy! 

Sources and References:

www.dhs.wisconsin.gov

www.cdc.gov

article written by:

Laura Rau-Holl, DVM

Wolf Merrick Animal Hospital, Kenosha, WI

Leptospirosis

Chances are, when you have been to our clinic for your dog’s annual wellness care, we have either recommended or administered a Leptospirosis vaccine to your furry friend.  But what exactly is Leptospirosis, how does it affect dogs, and how can we best prevent it?   Let’s start with the fact that Leptospirosis (or Lepto for short) is a spirochete type bacteria that is transmitted through the urine of infected animals.  Some of the animals that can spread Lepto through their urine include raccoons, skunks, squirrels, rodents, opossums, and deer.  As you can see, we have no shortage of those animals in our yards and parks, so nearly every dog that comes to see us is considered “at risk”!  In turn, the infected urine can then contaminate ground water, puddles, and soil where it can potentially survive for months.

Dogs become infected when the bacteria enters their body through breaks in the skin or their mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).  Some examples include getting contaminated soil in a wound or drinking or swimming in contaminated water.   After infection, some dogs do not get ill but those that do can display a wide variety of signs including fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal signs, but unfortunately some dogs progress to the hallmark signs of kidney and liver failure.  This makes Lepto a potentially life-threatening disease and not to be taken lightly!

Testing for this disease once a pet becomes ill involves a combination of bloodwork, urine, Lepto titers (which check the body’s antibody levels to an infection), and imaging of the internal organs through x-rays and ultrasound.  Treatment is aimed at supporting the affected organs and the patient while starting antibiotics.  This is best accomplished with hospitalization for IV fluids, anti-nausea medications, monitoring, and injectable antibiotics.   Fortunately, the Lepto bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics and typically a combination is used to both clear the blood infection and eliminate the bacteria from the kidney.  It is worth noting that even though we can kill the bacteria, the patient’s overall prognosis depends on the degree of organ damage and response to treatment.

However, the best treatment is prevention, and thank goodness we have vaccines for the most common strains of Leptospirosis.  They can be started as young as 12 weeks of age and initially are a series of two vaccines given 3-4 weeks apart.  It is boostered annually thereafter.  Unlike many of our viral vaccines which can produce an immunity of up to 3 years, Lepto is a bacteria and durations of immunity longer than one year have not been able to be established.  So that annual booster is a must!
Recently, at our Mt. Prospect Hospital, we have had a couple of positive cases of Lepto that were late on their annual vaccines.   After consulting with veterinarians at the vaccine manufacturer, we have started recommending re-boostering if your dog is more than 6 weeks late for their annual booster.  This ensures they are protected for the strains in the vaccine and allows the manufacturer to back their guarantee on the vaccine.

If you have any further questions, please ask our team or visit http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/

article written by:
Dr. Jessica Smith
Companion Animal Hospital Mount Prospect